Adıyaman Mount Nemrut Introduction and Mount Nemrut Travel Guide

The content of this article is mostly based on the master's thesis titled " Examination of Strategic Management Applicability in National Parks (Example: Mount Nemrut National Park) " written by Demet DEMİROĞLU in the Department of Forestry Engineering, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Forestry Policy and Management Program. The thesis was published in 2004. The PDF file of the thesis was accessed from the internet. It can be assumed that most of the deficiencies written in the thesis have been resolved.

Mount Nemrut National Park is located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region, between the north of the Adıyaman-Kahta plateau and the southern part of the Taurus Mountains. Part of Mount Nemrut National Park is in the Kahta district of Adıyaman province, and part is within the borders of the Pütürge district of Malatya province. The area is bordered by Malatya province to the north, K.Maraş province (Center and Pazarcık districts) to the west, Şanlıurfa (Siverek, Hilvan, Bozova districts) to the southeast, and Diyarbakır province (Çermik and Çüngüş districts) to the east.

Mount Nemrut National Park and its surroundings have a topographically rugged surface shape, starting from a flat area of ​​around 600 m on the Kahta-Adiyaman plateau and reaching 2208 m on Mount Nemrut .

Thus, within a distance of 8-9 km as the crow flies, the height difference is 1500 m. The region, which has an extremely rugged topography, is divided into narrow and deep sections by streams.

Mount Nemrut Archaeological Site is located within the borders of Büyüköz Village of Pütürge and Kâhta District of Adıyaman. The tombs and monumental statues built by King Antiochus I of Commagene on the slopes of Mount Nemrut, which is 2,150 meters high, to show his gratitude to the gods and ancestors, are one of the most magnificent ruins of the Hellenistic Period.

The monumental statues are spread over the east, west and north terraces. The well-preserved giant statues are made of limestone blocks and are 8-10 meters high. An independent kingdom was established by Mithradates I in the region known as Commagene in ancient times, and the kingdom gained importance during the reign of his son Antiochus I (62-32 BC). The independence of the kingdom ended after the defeat of the war against Rome in 72 AD.

The peak of Mount Nemrut is not a settlement, but the tumulus and sacred areas of Antiochus. The tumulus is at a point overlooking the Euphrates River passes and plains. The tumulus, which is 50 meters high and 150 meters in diameter, where the king's bones or ashes were placed in a chamber carved into the main rock, was protected by covering it with small pieces of rock. Although the inscriptions state that the king's tomb is here, it has not been discovered to date.

On the east and west terraces, there are statues of Antiochus and gods and goddesses, as well as lion and eagle statues. On the west terrace, there is a unique lion horoscope. The statues were carved by blending Hellenistic, Persian art and the original art of the Commagene Country. In this sense, Mount Nemrut can be called the bridge of western and eastern civilizations.

With the disappearance of the Kingdom of Commagene from the stage of history, the works on Mount Nemrut were left alone for approximately two thousand years. In 1881, German engineer Karl Sester, who was on duty in the region, came across the statues of Mount Nemrut and informed the German Consul in Izmir that the ruins of the Kingdom of Commagene were Assyrian ruins because he could not see the Greek inscriptions behind the pedestals on which the statues of the gods were placed.

Karl Sester made this mistake in the excitement of discovering giant statues. In 1882, Otto Puchstein and Karl Sester conducted an examination at Nemrut. Osman Hamdi Bey, the Director of the Imperial Museum, came with a team in 1883 and worked at Nemrut. After World War II, American archaeologist Theresa Goell and German Karl Doerner conducted excavations, research and examinations at Nemrut and its surroundings.

The tombs and monumental statues built by the Commagene King Antiochus I on the slopes of Mount Nemrut , which is 2,150 meters high, to show his gratitude to the gods and ancestors, are among the most magnificent remains of the Hellenistic Period. The monumental statues are spread over the eastern, western and northern terraces.

The distance of Kahta district to Ankara is 803 km, 1256 km to Istanbul, 1285 km to Izmir, 450 km to Adana, 200 km to K.Maraş and 65 km to Malatya.

Mount Nemrut National Park can be reached by both road and air. The area can be reached by road via the highway connecting Kahta district to Sincik district, and it is also possible to reach the Tumulus of Mount Nemrut directly via Tepehan district of Malatya province.

Transportation from Kahta to other neighboring provinces is easily provided. Transportation from Kahta to Malatya and Şanlıurfa provinces is via Adıyaman highway, and transportation to Elazığ province is via Gerger district.

The Kingdom of Commagene was a Greco-Persian kingdom ruled by a Hellenized branch of the Iranian Orontid Dynasty that existed from 163 BC to 72 AD.

It is a multicultural state that was a buffer state between the Parthians, Armenians and Romans.

The Kingdom of Commagene ruled for 234 years between 162 BC and 72 AD on the western bank of the Euphrates River in the southern foothills of the Taurus Mountains, within the borders of today's Adıyaman, Gaziantep, and Kahramanmaraş provinces. Although it has not been fully elucidated due to insufficient archaeological research and the scarcity of written documents, it is estimated that the kingdom experienced its brightest period during the reign of Antiochus I, who reigned between 69-36 BC.

The first written mention of the Kingdom of Commagene dates back to 850 BC. According to Assyrian sources, the name of the Kingdom, which experienced Assyrian and Hittite sovereignty, was "Kummuh" in the Late Hittite period and it paid taxes in the form of gold, silver and cedar wood as a colony of the Assyrian Kingdom that ruled at that time. Especially in the 700 BC, the people of Commagene rebelled against the Assyrians, but these rebellions were unsuccessful.

In the 600s BC, the armies of the Assyrian Kingdom and the Egyptian Kingdom united and rebelled against the Babylonians, and the Assyrian Kingdom was defeated in the battle at Samosata. Thus, the people of Commagene lived under the rule of many kingdoms such as the Hittites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians and Greeks.

Due to its strategic location, the country has always been a subject of conflict between major powers with conflicting interests. Because the Euphrates and Taurus passes were of great importance to states engaging in military activities in the east-west directions. However, the Commagenes managed to maintain their existence among powerful neighbors by pursuing an exemplary policy and evaluating relations well.

Mithridathes I, who married Thea, the daughter of the Selokid King Antiochus Gypros, founded the Commagene Kingdom independently in 80 BC and became the King of Commagene. Mithridathes I brought together his ancestors, the Persians, Macedonians and other communities in the region and named the state he founded "Commagene", which means "Community of Genes" in Greek .

Although Mithridathes I was the one who founded the Commagene Kingdom independently, the real founder of the Commagene State is accepted as Antiochus I, the son of Mithridathes I. The date of Antiochus I's accession to the throne, 69 BC, is also remembered as the date of the foundation of the Commagene Kingdom.

The factors that led to the Kingdom of Commagene coming onto the stage of history were; its relations with states that were stronger and larger than itself, such as the Hittites, the Walled States, the Urartians, the Iranians, the Seleucids and the Romans, and the marriages between dynasties. Through these marriages, close relations were established between the surrounding countries.

By printing large amounts of money, international trade was developed. Marriages between Iranian and Commagene families were also effective in their acceptance of each other's legality.

The fact that Antiochus I's lineage came from three different origins, Macedonian, Achaemenid and Iranian, gave him great authority. Like many other kingdoms that ruled in Anatolia, the Kingdom of Commagene was a cosmopolitan kingdom formed by people from the West and the East.

King Mithridathes worked hard to bring this great community together. Mithridathes II made a deal with the mythological gods to protect and strengthen Commagene.

The king managed to unite many different groups through agreements with the gods and activities that brought the people together. He had sacred temples built in every city in his kingdom, which he called "Temenos".

In Galatia, Cappadocia and some small states in the east of Anatolia, there was an artistic approach influenced by Greek and Persian art in Commagene, which had a special place. During the reign of King Mithridathes, the influences of eastern culture were felt, but during the reign of Antiochus, an artistic approach in which the influences of Greek culture were seen was dominant.

Excavations at Samsota (Samsat) revealed the remains of a temple made of limestone surrounded by vine leaves and grapes. This motif was more common in the Hellenistic period.

Trade was a very important source of income for the Commagenes. At that time, the conflict between the Romans and the Parthians prevented trade between the East and the West. Only Commagene, an independent kingdom located between these two powers, was an acceptable trading partner for both the Parthian Kingdom and the Romans.

Commagene merchants were able to market many goods they brought from India, such as spices, different types of animals, and Chinese silk, in the Parthian and Roman Kingdoms. They also significantly improved international trade by minting coins.

During the reign of Antiochus III, the country became quite powerful. After his death, in 17 AD, the Roman commander Germanicus attached Commagene to the Roman province of Syria. When the Romans reached the Euphrates, they tried to establish definitive control over the region. They increased their pressure over time and constantly interfered with the administration of the country.

The Roman emperor Caligula gave Antiochus IV back the kingdom he had taken from his father, and Commagene regained its independence in 38 AD. During the reign of Antiochus IV, the country's borders expanded westward. Antiochus IV captured a significant part of Cilicia and the Lakanatis and Lukaonia regions.

During the reign of Nero, a part of Eastern Anatolia was given to Antiochus IV by the Romans for his services in the Parthian Wars. The Roman commander Vespasian dethroned Antiochus IV during the Jewish Wars and ended the independence of Commagene (AD 72). Thus, the country was once again connected to the Roman province of Syria.

There are many historical and archaeological values ​​from the Commagene Kingdom and the Byzantine Empire within the borders of Mount Nemrut National Park. The main ones are; Karakuş Tumulus, Cendere Bridge, Arsemia (Old Castle), New Castle (Eski Kahta) and Mount Nemrut Tumulus. Of these, Mount Nemrut Tumulus and Arsemia are protected as archaeological sites, while Cendere Bridge and New Castle are protected as archaeological monuments.

Karakuş Tumulus, located 12 km north of Kahta, on the Kahta-Cendere road, on the left side of the road to Eski Kahta, is 890 m above sea level. It was built by King Antiochus I of Commagene as a mausoleum for his son Mithridathes' mother Isias and sister Antiochus. It is also thought that this tumulus was built by the Commagenes as an expression of their loyalty to Rome.

Around the tumulus, there are Doric style statues and reliefs consisting of Persian and Hellenistic symbols. On the southern column; there is a column with an eagle statue, which is placed on a rectangular base of approximately 10 m in height, made of 7 round stones and gives the name "Karakush" to the tumulus, which is 2.45 m in height.

In one of the two columns in the east, there is a statue of a Roman Lion, which is under protection in the museum due to damage, and in the other, there is a statue of a bull. The columns are again formed by placing 6 round stones on top of each other on rectangular bases.

On the northern column, there is a relief of King Antiochus I and Heracles shaking hands. (Relief: Relief)

It was determined that there was a burial chamber in the middle of the tumulus, which is approximately 35 m high and 80 m wide. The burial chamber, which was built in layers with granite, basalt, limestone and quartzite stone blocks brought from the edge of the Kahta Stream, was covered with crushed stones and soil to form the tumulus.

The ancient bridge built on the Kahta Stream (Cendere Stream), a branch of the Euphrates River, still preserves its magnificent 2000-year-old structure. It is located on the 20th km of the old Kahta highway, 10 km north of Karakuş.

Considered a masterpiece of Roman engineering, the Cendere Bridge was built by the 15th Roman Legion, which was headquartered in Samosata in the 2nd century AD (198-200). It was built in honor of Roman Emperor Septimus Severus's wife Julia Donma and his sons Carcala and Geta in connection with his eastern policy towards the end of the 2nd century AD.

There are 4 separate columns on the 4 piers of the bridge and each column has inscriptions confirming the purpose of their erection. The first of these columns represents the Roman Emperor Septimus Severus, the 2nd column represents his wife Donma, the 3rd column represents his son Caracala and the 4th column represents his son Geta. Septimus Severus' son Carcala killed Geta, whom he saw as a rival for the empire, and had the column erected in Geta's honor removed from the bridge. However, the inscription is still in place.

The Cendere Bridge, which is still used in daily traffic flow, is 117.5 m long and 7.8 m wide. The height of the columns, which are formed by placing 7 stone blocks on stone block bases, is 5.95 m. In addition, the height of the bridge from water level is 17.85 m and the distance between the two legs is around 40 m.

Arsemia, the first capital of the Kingdom of Commagene, was founded on the Kahta River (Nymphois) by Arsames, the ancestor of King Antiochus I. The ancient city of Arsemia, located on the steep cliffs on the edge of the Old Kahta River to the east of the New Castle, also houses the Hierothesion built by Antiochus I for his father (Mithridathes Kallinikos). (Hierothesion: Sacred Place of Worship)

All the secrets and mysteries of the Commagene civilization have been solved from the inscriptions found here. The inscription, which is the largest Greek inscription, is 158 meters long and provides information about the dynasty, politics and beliefs of Antiochus I.

The inscription bears the title “ The Great and Sublime Antiochus ”. The first section of the inscription describes how the city of Arsemia was built. The point that is particularly striking in this section is that the inscription describes the role of natural resources in the creation of a city.

The following expression , “……..Flowing from the breast of Kahta Creek and irrigating the lands on both sides of it with its abundance……. ” is accepted as the most concise sentences describing the abundance of water in Upper Mesopotamia . Again, it is noteworthy that the protective impulses in the construction of the city are explained in detail in this section. In the continuation of the inscription, King Antiochus provides information about the stocks of the city created in case of an attack.

The last section of the inscription contains information about how the King and his father, King Kallinikos, will be commemorated after his death and with what means these ceremonies will be held.

In the ancient city of Arsemia, there is a relief showing the handshake (dexiosis) scene of Mithridathes Kallinikos and I. Antiochus, a relief showing the handshake scene of God Herakles and Mithridathes Kallinikos, rock chambers and ruins belonging to the royal city.

The relief depicting the handshake scene between Mithridathes Kallinikos and Antiochus I is located approximately 100-120 m northwest of the entrance to the site. Only the lower half of this relief has survived to the present day. The handshake relief was unearthed in 1951 as a result of excavations conducted by Friederich Karl Dorner.

There is also an inscription on the back of the relief stating that Antiochus I appointed two separate priests to serve the people who came to the festivals to be held in the name of Mithridathes – Apollo – Helios – Hermes.

On the southern slope of Arsemia, there is a high domed rock chamber carved into the rock mass. This area is located northwest of the relief of the handshake between Mithridathes Kallinikos and Antiochus I. The height of this rock chamber is 2.46 m. ​​and a small area is reached by a 10 m long tunnel with 14 steps.

Approximately 50-60 m. northeast of this area, there is a relief of the handshake between the god Herakles and Mithridathes Kallinikos, carved with great care and in magnificent royal attire on a slab made of hard crystalline limestone. Below this relief, there is a rock passage that descends 158 m. underground with a 35º slope.

When you go up to the area where the city is located, you only encounter ruins. It is thought that the western part of the area, which was extensively modified in the Late Hellenistic Age, Byzantine Period and Middle Ages, was used as a ceremonial area in the Hellenistic Period. The stairs leading to the area were made wide enough for those attending the festivities to easily ascend and descend. The city, where only ruins are found today, was an important urban center for the Kingdom of Commagene.

Kahta Castle, located 26 km north of Kahta, opposite the Old Castle, is located in the village of Kocahisar. Kahta Stream flows between the two castles.

It was built on a 300-350 m high hill on the edge of the Kahta River. The castle, which has a single entrance, contains a mosque, a bath, shops and water tanks.

Kahta Castle dominates the area and cannot be reached from the valley. There is a stairway in the castle that winds down to the Kahta Stream. This road leads to a small fortress and this fortress met the water needs of the castle. In addition, dovecotes were built and the dovecotes are still intact. These structures show how communication was at that time.

The castle, which was also used as the administrative center of the Kingdom of Commagene, dates back to the Mamluk period. From the Arabic inscriptions on the walls, it is understood that the castle was built and repaired by the Mamluk Sultans Kalaun (1279 - 1290), his son Eşref Halil (1290 - 1293) and his brother Eşref Halil (1293 -1341) on the dates specified.

Kahta Castle was repaired during the Ottoman period during the reign of Mahmud I and during the republican period between 1968 and 1975. Today, the castle, which is in a very neglected state, is visited by many local and foreign tourists.

Mount Nemrut is an extension of the Taurus mountain range, 86 km east of Adıyaman.

Known as the eighth wonder of the world, Mount Nemrut is a magnificent cultural and touristic center at an altitude of 2150 m., with a tumulus formed by piling up 30,000 m³ of crushed stone on top. The tumulus is 50 m. high, and in its center is a room with a base size of 5×8 m and a height of 2.40 m. It is assumed that the tombs of Antiochus I, his father Mithridathes Kallinikos and an unidentified King of Commagene are located in the room.

King Antiochus intended for this place to be a hierothesion and also a center where his own worldview would spread. During his youth, Antiochus I traveled to many foreign civilizations and studied the ways of thinking of the communities in these places.

During these trips, he particularly researched the artistic understanding and thought structures of the Persian-Parthian and Greek-Roman civilizations and learned the details of the philosophy of Buddhism. With all these influences, King Antiochus I acquired a different world for himself and announced these views to his people in his speech called " Nomes ", which he had carved into the stones behind the statues of gods on the terraces, which he called " Holy Law ". This speech, written in Greek letters, consists of 237 lines.

The tumulus is surrounded by 3 terraces, reserved for ceremonies held in honor of Antiochus I. These areas, called the east, west and north terraces, contain magnificent statues, reliefs and inscriptions weighing 7-8 tons and 8-10 meters in height, created by placing 8-10 carved stones on top of each other in rows, on the east and west terraces.

The statues are placed in the same order on both terraces. From left to right, the God - King Antiochus I himself, next to him is the Mother Goddess of the country, Commagene, in the middle is the chief god Zeus, next to Zeus is Apollo, and on the far right is Herakles. On either side of these statues are symmetrical statues of eagles and lions.

The lion, the king of animals, symbolizes the power on earth, and the eagle, the messenger of the gods, symbolizes the heavenly power.

On the east terrace, in the first row at the south end, Antiochus I wears a five-pointed headdress with a diadem (Royal crown) and ribbons. This headdress worn by kings was called a "tiara". Like the other male figures, he wears Persian boots and holds a tamarisk bunch in his left hand, like Zeus and Apollo.

During the first researches (Humann and Punchstein), it was stated that the head of the statue at the southernmost end was lost and it was also thought to be unfinished. However, during the excavations carried out in 1953, the head of the statue was found behind the throne.

Right next to King Antiochus I is the country's mother goddess, Tycha-Fortuna or Fertile Commagene. Also known as the Goddess Argende, this statue is the only female figure in the pantheon. The goddess was the only figure whose head remained intact on her shoulders until the early 1960s.

She is wearing a himation with long boots on her feet and in her left hand she holds a wreath full of fruit and flowers, and in her right hand she holds a basket of fruit, some of which has fallen into her lap.

The head of the God Zeus, which is thought to have fallen during an earthquake and is in the middle of the giant statues on the eastern terrace, stands upright near the southwestern corner of the courtyard.

Zeus' head, made of two blocks of stone, has a Persian tiara with a diadem with the top leaning forward. The lightning bolt reliefs on the diadem make the head of Zeus different from the others. He has a beard covering his entire face. The bundle of tamarisk trees he holds in his left hand symbolizes the sacred fire lit in sacrificial ceremonies in the Persian-Mithra religion.

Next to Zeus, to his left, is the figure of Apollo. Apollo's head is in the courtyard, right next to the statue. His tiara was replaced in 1998. A piece of Apollo's shoulder has fallen off and is now just behind the throne.

Apollo's head and high Persian tiara are carved from two separate blocks and attached in the middle with a round pin of 20 cm in diameter. Like Zeus, Apollo also wears a long-sleeved tunic and cape. He also wears a skirt like an apron, short boots, and holds a tamarisk bunch in his left hand.

At the far right is the statue of Herakles. Herakles is fully clothed like the other gods. The head of the statue stands upright next to Apollo's on the north side of the courtyard. He has a beard like Zeus. But he wears a different diadem and tiara.

The statues of the gods end with a low and long pedestal, more or less level with the first step of the thrones on both terraces. Both pedestals are adorned with giant animal statues of guardian lions and eagles symbolizing power. However, the group next to King Antiochus at the southern end has completely disintegrated.

On the west terrace, unlike the east terrace, there are reliefs made of sandstone showing scenes of Antiochus I shaking hands (dexiosis) with the Goddess Commagene, God Zeus and God Apollo. Also, again differently, there is a horoscope with a lion. This horoscope is the oldest known horoscope to date.

It shows the combination of 19 stars on the body of the lion and a crescent moon on its chest with three planets (Jupiter, Mercury, Mars). According to some researchers, this combination shows the date of the accession to the throne of Antiochus I, and according to others, the date of the foundation of Mount Nemrut.

The main statues on the West Terrace are identical to the series of statues on the East Terrace, except for very minor details. The same cult inscription (Nomos) of the statues on the East Terrace is repeated behind the statues on the West Terrace. Almost all of the bodies of the gods sitting on their thrones are broken into pieces and scattered across the courtyard floor. In terms of their architectural arrangement, the Goddess Tyche or the Goddess Commagene is sitting next to Antiochus.

In this statue, none of the pieces on the third level are in their place. The pieces belonging to the goddess are scattered on the courtyard floor. Her head is next to Antiochus' head. Zeus, sitting on his throne, is again in the middle.

Like Apollo, Herakles and other gods to the south of Zeus, he also wears Persian boots. His diadem is decorated with low relief, circles and rhombuses. All that remains of the Artagnes-Herakles-Ares statue at the southern end of the row of god statues are the crumbled pieces of the lowest tier of the throne.

The head of Herakles is now quite a distance from his body, near the middle of the courtyard. The animal statues on the west terrace are also seriously damaged.

The holes on the temples of the statue heads and on the sides of some blocks indicate that the pieces were made on the ground and then placed on the body. In order to reduce the stonework while making the statues, the blocks forming the bodies were left empty. The middle section of the statue bases was also made empty and filled with limestone rubble. The careful joining of the body blocks without using mortar was also considered to provide resilience against earthquakes.

The holes on the temples of the statue heads and on the sides of some blocks indicate that the pieces were made on the ground and then placed on the body. In order to reduce the stonework while making the statues, the blocks forming the bodies were left empty. The middle section of the statue bases was also made empty and filled with limestone rubble. The careful joining of the body blocks without using mortar was also considered to provide resilience against earthquakes.

Between the East and West terraces, more than 50 stone steles (gravestones) decorated with the pictures of his ancestors by King Antiochus I lie unerected on the ground in the area called the North Terrace. On the North Terrace where these stone steles are located, the Commagene priests would leave the drinks and food they brought to be offered to the gods and from there they would move on to the other terraces.

Antiochus I described this magnificent work he had built as follows: “ I had this Hierothesion built as a debt of gratitude to the gods and my deified ancestors for their visible help. I literalized what was befitting my ancestors and myself. ”

The discovery of the tumulus at the summit of Nemrut Mountain, built by King of King of King of King of King, came across the last period of the German academy in Berlin. claimed.

According to Karl Sester, these sculptures, which had gigantic dimensions, were mutually separated from each other with a hill.

Ünlü Alman subayı Helmut Von Moltke, Osmanlı Sarayı'nın teklifi üzerine Malatya ve civarında kartografik çalışmalar yapmıştır. O sıralarda Nemrut Dağı'nın zirvesindeki tarihi eserler hakkında hiçbir bilgi almamıştır. Sonradan Berlin İlimler Akademisi Onursal Üyeliği'ne seçilen Moltke, Anadolu'daki seyahatleri sırasında antik kalıntılar hakkında bilgi toplamaya özen göstermiş birisi olarak, 1881 yılında Berlin İlimler Akademisi'ne Nemrut Dağı hakkında şaşırtıcı bilgiler içeren bir mektup göndermiştir.

The members of the Academy decided to investigate the real aspects of Karl Sester's report, and for this purpose, the first important information about the Nemrut Mountain.

Otto Puchstein, one of the two scientists assigned to illuminate the subject, realized that the Greek god, which was held in the left of the sculptures on the Eastern terrace, was always described by such a lobut.

Thus, these sculptures on Mount Nemrut have not had a relationship with the Assyrian Kingdom and concluded that the ancestors of the inscriptions belonged to the Persian and Macedonian Kingdom .

When Otto Puchstein later explored the historical sources of the old age, he was the son of the Grypos Princess of the Grypos (the hook -nose), the King of Syria I. Antiokhos. It is understood that the word “hierothesion ılan, which means the place that hides something, is used.

When Karl Sester and Otto Puchstein left the Mount Nemrut on 8 November 1882, they also re -moved to Berlin Academy of Sciences.

Later, with the participation of Otto Puchstein in 1893, the second trip to Mount Nemrut was held under the direction of Humann, the Ottoman Government and the Museum-i Humayun Director Osman Hamdi Bey.

Osman Hamdi, his first excavation in these areas, in May 1893, he was the first major publication of the excavation.

Between 1950-1970s, the 1980s were the scientific studies of the Zeus Axle in the Tumulus.

(This article is based on the thesis published in 2004. The following problems are solved over time.)

Nemrut Mountain infrastructure problems

Asked to the visitors, "What is the most uncomfortable service in the field of national park?"

The infrastructure problems faced by the visitors of Nemrut Mountain is the toilet and water problem (Karaşemia, Arsemia, New Kale and Nemrut Mountain Tumulus).

In particular, the Nemrut Tumulus is visited by hundreds of people at the same time in the sunset and birth hours.

Nemrut Mountain Cleaning Problems

6 %of the visitors stated that they are most uncomfortable with the cleaning service in the field of national parks and the non -regular garbage collection system in the fields of the National Park. amamaman.

Nemrut Mountain Parking Problems

The number of visitors in the Nemrut National Park is also a significant number of visitors.

Nemrut Mountain Promotion Problems

It is also important that users who visit a national parking area are in the best use of the field.

As a matter of fact, 16 %of the visitors participating in the survey stated that they were uncomfortable due to the lack of promotional and guidance services .

19 %of the visitors of the National Park requesting the promotion and guidance services to the visitors who enter the parking area by paying a certain fee.

Nemrut Mountain Introductive Plate Problems

Although there are some promotional and stimulating plates in the National Park area, they are inadequate and not suitable for the historical and natural texture of the area. im im it has been heard.

Nemrut Mountain Transportation Problems

In the center of Adıyaman and in other provinces, there are not enough guidelines and informative signs and some of them are not written in the field of Nemrut Mountain .

Nemrut Mountain Accommodation Problems

Due to the insufficient accommodation facilities that serve within the boundaries of the research area, the domestic and foreign iwarers who are increasing every year are generally seen in the province of Adıyaman and the status of these facilities in the region.

Nemrut Mountain Protection Problems

The archaeological works that constitute the resource values ​​of the national park have not been able to protect the cultural heritage for years and natural disasters.

The works in the Nemrut Tumulus and Arsemia are tried to be protected by an inadequate number of officials.

Nemrut Mountain Operating Problems

The lack of a controlled and central entrance in the Nemrut Mountain is the entrance and control of the area in the area of ​​8 different points (Kahta, Sincik, Gerger and Malatya).

If you are thinking of going to Nemrut Mountain, you will not have a look at the following list.

• Wander the local tradesmen around

Before climbing to the summits, tradesmen in the district and the surrounding villages are very delicious local recipes!

• Watch the sunrise and sunset of the sun

Watching the sunset and sunset on Mount Nemrut, the harmony of the yellow and red tones will fascinate you.

• Go to West and Northern Terraces

The sculptures are located on the west and northern terraces of the mountain.

• Make a picnic in the shadow of history

After you get a ticket for the mountain, you can stay here at night if you bring a tent.

Sources:

To see Adıyaman camping areas on the map and find out the distance to your location, you can visit our Adıyaman Camping Areas map and our Adıyaman Places to Visit map for Adıyaman Travel Guide .

For all our articles about Adıyaman, you can visit our Adıyaman Outdoor, Tourism and Travel Guide page.

To get detailed information about camping and caravaning and to see all our articles, you can visit our TurkeyOutdoor Camping Guide page.

Safety Precautions in Nature Sports and Outdoor Activities

• In all outdoor activities and nature sports, safety is your primary responsibility. No article or video can replace proper practical training and personal experience.
• Especially in outdoor extreme sports, you are primarily responsible for your own personal safety. Always prioritize your personal safety and the harmony and safety of the team you are with.
• In all cases, be on the side of nature , keep the environment clean, and never harm wild animals or the nature where wildlife lives.
• While exploring natural and historical beauties, you should pay attention to some important points for your holiday to be enjoyable and safe. Before your trip, do detailed research about the region you will go to , check the weather conditions and take appropriate clothes with you. Never damage natural, historical and touristic places. Do not leave your garbage in the places you go, take your garbage back to where you came from in bags as you brought it or throw it in a garbage container.
• If you are planning a nature trip, camping or outdoor activity, be sure to pack all the necessary equipment .
• In Turkey, there are frequent bans on entering forests and some protected areas, and administrative fines are imposed on those who do not comply. You should verify current forest entry bans from the provincial Regional Forestry Directorates.
• Technically, all outdoor activities in nature require prior permission. Our advice to our readers, campers, nature walkers and those who participate in all outdoor sports is to at least call the law enforcement authorities before starting the activity and inform them about the nature activity and routes they will be doing.
• Your opinions, thoughts, suggestions and requests regarding outdoor and nature are valuable to us. Feel free to write to us.

We wish you a pleasant and safe nature/outdoor adventure! 🚴‍♀️⛺🌳🌲🚵‍♂️🏞️🌿🌄